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Causas de la ictericia

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Causas de ictericia; Colestasis

Definición

La ictericia es una coloración amarilla en la piel, las membranas mucosas o los ojos. El color amarillo proviene de la bilirrubina, un subproducto del cuerpo que procesa los glóbulos rojos viejos. La ictericia suele ser un signo de enfermedad.

Este artículo habla sobre las posibles causas de ictericia en los niños y los adultos. La ictericia del recién nacido ocurre en bebés muy pequeños.

Información

La ictericia es a menudo un signo de un problema con el hígado, la vesícula biliar o el páncreas. La ictericia puede ocurrir cuando se acumula demasiada bilirrubina en el cuerpo. Esto puede suceder cuando:

Hay demasiados glóbulos rojos muriendo o descomponiéndose (hemólisis) y yendo hacia el hígado.
El hígado está sobrecargado o dañado.
La bilirrubina proveniente del hígado no es capaz de movilizarse apropiadamente hasta el tubo digestivo.

Las afecciones que pueden causar ictericia incluyen:

Infección del hígado por un virus (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D y hepatitis E) o por un parásito
Uso de ciertos fármacos (como una sobredosis de paracetamol) o reacciones a otros medicamentos o exposición a tóxicos (por ejemplo, hongos venenosos)
Anomalías congénitas o trastornos presentes desde el nacimiento que le dificultan al cuerpo la descomposición de la bilirrubina (tales como síndrome de Gilbert, síndrome de Dubin-Johnson, el síndrome de Rotor o el síndrome de Crigler-Najjar)
Enfermedad crónica del hígado como la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica avanzada
Cálculos biliares o trastornos de la vesícula biliar que causan obstrucción del conducto biliar
Trastornos sanguíneos
Cáncer del páncreas
Acumulación de bilis en la vesícula biliar, debido a la presión en el área abdominal durante el embarazo (ictericia del embarazo)
Cirrosis del higado

Referencias

Lidofsky SD. Jaundice. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 21.

Pitt HA, Nakeeb A. Bile secretion and pathophysiology of biliary tract obstruction. In: Jarnagin WR, Allen PJ, Chapman WC, et al, eds. Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 8.

Wyatt JI, Haugk B. Liver, biliary system and pancreas. In: Cross SS, ed. Underwood's Pathology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 16.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 8/7/2023

Versión en inglés revisada por : Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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