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Examen de hemoglobina libre en el suero

Definición

El examen de hemoglobina libre en suero es un examen sanguíneo que mide el nivel de hemoglobina libre en la parte líquida de la sangre (el suero). La hemoglobina libre es la que se encuentra por fuera de los glóbulos rojos. La mayor parte de la hemoglobina se encuentra dentro de los glóbulos rojos, no en el suero. La hemoglobina transporta oxígeno en la sangre.

Forma en que se realiza el examen

Se necesita una muestra de sangre.

Preparación para el examen

No se necesita preparación especial para este examen.

Lo que se siente durante el examen

Cuando se introduce la aguja para extraer la sangre, algunas personas sienten un dolor moderado; otras solo sienten un pinchazo o sensación de picadura. Posteriormente, puede haber algo de sensación pulsátil o un hematoma leve, los cuales pronto desaparecen.

Razones por las que se realiza el examen

La hemoglobina (Hb), el principal componente de los glóbulos rojos. Es una proteína que transporta oxígeno. Este examen se hace para diagnosticar o vigilar la gravedad de la anemia hemolítica, un trastorno en el cual un bajo conteo de glóbulos rojos es causado por la descomposición anormal de éstos.

Resultados normales

El plasma o suero en algunas personas que no tienen anemia hemolítica puede contener hasta 5 miligramos por decilitro (mg/dL) o 0.05 gramos por litro (g/L) de hemoglobina.

Los rangos de los valores normales pueden variar ligeramente entre diferentes laboratorios. Algunos laboratorios usan diferentes medidas o pueden analizar diferentes muestras. Hable con su proveedor acerca del significado de los resultados específicos de su examen.

Significado de los resultados anormales

Un nivel más alto de lo normal puede indicar:

• Anemia hemolítica (por cualquier causa, incluyendo causas autoinmunitarias y no inmunitarias, como la talasemia)
• Una afección en la cual los glóbulos rojos se descomponen cuando el cuerpo es expuesto a ciertos medicamentos o al estrés de una infección (deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa)
• Conteo bajo de glóbulos rojos debido a que éstos se descomponen antes de lo normal
• Trastorno sanguíneo en el cual los glóbulos rojos se destruyen cuando pasan de temperaturas frías a cálidas (criohemoglobinuria paroxística)
• Anemia drepanocítica
• Reacción a transfusión

Riesgos

Existe un pequeño riesgo involucrado al extraer sangre. Las venas y las arterias varían de tamaño de un paciente a otro y de un lado del cuerpo a otro. Puede ser más difícil obtener una muestra de sangre de algunas personas que de otras.

Otros riesgos asociados con la extracción de sangre son leves, pero pueden ser:

• Sangrado excesivo
• Desmayo o sensación de mareo
• Múltiples punciones para localizar las venas
• Hematoma (acumulación de sangre debajo de la piel)
• Infección (un riesgo leve cada vez que se presenta ruptura de la piel)

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