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Examen de la fragilidad osmótica

Esferocitosis - fragilidad osmótica; Talasemia - fragilidad osmótica

Definición

Es un examen de sangre para detectar si hay mayor probabilidad de que los glóbulos rojos se descompongan.

Forma en que se realiza el examen

En el laboratorio, los glóbulos rojos se prueban con una solución que los hace hincharse. Esto determina qué tan frágiles son.

Preparación para el examen

No se necesita ninguna preparación especial para este examen.

Lo que se siente durante el examen

Cuando se introduce la aguja para extraer la sangre, algunas personas sienten un dolor moderado; otras solo sienten un pinchazo o sensación de picadura. Posteriormente, puede haber algo de sensación pulsátil o un hematoma leve. Esto desaparece pronto.

Razones por las que se realiza el examen

Este examen se realiza para detectar trastornos llamados esferocitosis hereditaria y la talasemia. La esferocitosis hereditaria y la talasemia hacen que los glóbulos rojos sean más frágiles de lo normal.

Resultados normales

Un resultado normal del examen se llama resultado negativo.

Los rangos de los valores normales pueden variar ligeramente entre diferentes laboratorios. Algunos laboratorios utilizan diferentes mediciones o analizan muestras diferentes. Hable con su proveedor de atención médica acerca del significado de los resultados específicos de su examen.

Significado de los resultados anormales

Un resultado anormal indica una de estas dos afecciones:

Talasemia
Esferocitosis hereditaria

Riesgos

Hay pocos riesgos relacionados con la toma de muestra de sangre. Las venas y las arterias varían de tamaño de una persona a otra y de un lado del cuerpo a otro. Puede ser más difícil obtener una muestra de sangre de algunas personas que de otras.

Otros riesgos asociados con la extracción de sangre son leves, pero pueden incluir:

Sangrado excesivo
Desmayo o sensación de mareo
Múltiples punciones para localizar las venas
Hematoma (acumulación de sangre debajo de la piel)
Infección (un riesgo leve cada vez que se presenta ruptura de la piel)

Referencias

Gallagher PG. Hemolytic anemias: red blood cell membrane and metabolic defects. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 147.

Gallagher PG. Red blood cell membrane disorders. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 46.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 3/31/2024

Versión en inglés revisada por : Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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