Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to any bleeding that starts in the GI tract.
Bleeding may come from any site along the GI tract, but is often divided into:
Upper GI bleeding: The upper GI tract includes the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach), stomach, and first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Lower GI bleeding: The lower GI tract includes most of the small intestine, and the entire large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Alternative Names
Lower GI bleeding; GI bleeding; Upper GI bleeding; Hematochezia
Considerations
The amount of GI bleeding may be so small that it can only be detected on a lab test, such as the fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test. Other signs of GI bleeding include:
Massive bleeding from the GI tract can be dangerous or even life threatening. However, even very small amounts of bleeding that occur over a long period of time can lead to problems such as anemia or low blood counts.
Once a bleeding site is found, many therapies are available to stop the bleeding or treat the cause.
Causes
This EM Should be displayed at the top of the article section "Causes"
GI bleeding may be due to conditions that are not serious, including:
There are home stool tests for microscopic blood that may be recommended for people with anemia or for colon cancer screening.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if you notice small amounts of blood in your stool to discuss the next step.
Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if:
You have black, tarry stools (this may be a sign of GI bleeding)
You have a lot of blood in your stool
You vomit blood or you vomit material that looks like coffee grounds
You are lightheaded or dizzy from the bleeding
You have chest pain or trouble breathing
You have severe abdominal pain along with bleeding
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
Your provider may discover GI bleeding during an exam at your office visit.
GI bleeding can be an emergency condition that requires immediate medical care. Treatment may involve:
Blood transfusions.
Fluids and medicines through a vein.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). A thin tube with a camera on the end is passed through your mouth into your esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
A tube that is placed through your mouth into the stomach to drain the stomach contents (gastric lavage).
Colonoscopy. A thin tube with a camera on the end passed through the rectum to look at the lower GI tract.
Once your condition is stable, you will have a physical exam and a detailed exam of your abdomen. You will also be asked questions about your symptoms, including:
When did you first notice symptoms?
Did you have black, tarry stools or red blood in the stools?
Have you vomited blood?
Did you vomit material that looks like coffee grounds?
Do you have a history of peptic or duodenal ulcers?
Have you ever had symptoms like this before?
What other symptoms do you have?
Tests that may be done include:
Abdominal CT scan or CT angiography
Abdominal MRI scan or MR angiography
Abdominal x-ray
Angiography
Bleeding scan (tagged red blood cell scan)
Blood clotting tests
Capsule endoscopy (camera shaped like a pill that is swallowed to look at the small intestine)
Colonoscopy
Complete blood count (CBC), clotting tests, platelet count, and other laboratory tests