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Visión - ceguera nocturna

Definición

Es la visión escasa en la noche o con luz tenue.

Consideraciones

La ceguera nocturna puede causar problemas con la conducción en las noches. Las personas que padecen este tipo de ceguera con frecuencia tienen problemas para ver las estrellas en una noche clara o caminar a través de un cuarto oscuro, como una sala de cine.

Estos problemas con frecuencia son peores inmediatamente después de que una persona está en un ambiente de iluminación brillante. Los casos más leves pueden simplemente provocar dificultad para adaptarse a la oscuridad.

Causas

Las causas de la ceguera nocturna se dividen en 2 categorías: curables e incurables.

Causas curables:

• Cataratas
• Miopía
• Uso de ciertos fármacos
• Deficiencia de vitamina A (poco frecuente)

Causas incurables:

• Anomalías congénitas, particularmente ceguera nocturna estacionaria congénita
• Retinitis pigmentaria

Cuidados en el hogar

Adopte medidas de seguridad para prevenir accidentes en áreas donde haya poca luz. Evite conducir un vehículo en la noche, a menos que tenga la aprobación del oftalmólogo.

Los suplementos de vitamina A pueden ser de utilidad si tiene una deficiencia de esta vitamina. Pregúntele a su proveedor de atención médica cuánto debe tomar, porque es posible que tome demasiado.

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Es importante practicarse un examen completo de los ojos para determinar la causa, que puede ser tratable. Comuníquese con el oftalmólogo si los síntomas de la ceguera nocturna persisten o afectan de manera considerable su vida.

Lo que se puede esperar en el consultorio médico

Su proveedor lo examinará y le revisará los ojos. El objetivo del examen médico es determinar si el problema se puede corregir (por ejemplo, con lentes nuevos o extracción de cataratas) o si el problema se debe a algo que no se puede tratar.

El proveedor puede hacerle preguntas como:

• ¿Qué tan grave es la ceguera nocturna?
• ¿Cuándo comenzaron los síntomas?
• ¿Ocurrió repentina o gradualmente?
• ¿Sucede todo el tiempo?
• ¿El uso de lentes correctivos mejora la visión nocturna?
• ¿Alguna vez ha tenido una cirugía de los ojos?
• ¿Qué medicamentos utiliza?
• ¿Cómo es su dieta?
• ¿Ha sufrido recientemente lesiones en la cabeza o en los ojos?
• ¿Tiene antecedentes familiares de diabetes?
• ¿Tiene otros cambios en la visión?
• ¿Qué otros síntomas tiene?
• ¿Sufre de estrés o ansiedad inusuales o le teme a la oscuridad?

El examen ocular incluirá:

• Examen de visión cromática
• Reflejo pupilar a la luz
• Refracción
• Examen de la retina
• Examen con lámpara de hendidura
• Agudeza visual

Se pueden hacer otros exámenes:

• Electrorretinografía (ERG)
• Campo visual

Referencias

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