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Parálisis facial

Definición

Significa que una persona ya no es capaz de mover algunos o todos los músculos en uno o ambos lados de la cara.

Causas

La parálisis facial casi siempre es causada por:

• Daño o hinchazón del nervio facial, el cual lleva señales del cerebro a los músculos de la cara
• Daño al área del cerebro que envía señales a los músculos de la cara
• Debilidad de los músculos faciales que puede ocurrir en enfermedades neurológicas como miastenia gravis o algunas miopatías y distrofias musculares

En personas por lo demás sanas, la parálisis facial se debe a la parálisis de Bell, una afección en la cual el nervio facial resulta inflamado.

Un accidente cerebrovascular puede causar parálisis facial que aparece rápidamente. Con un accidente cerebrovascular, otros músculos en un lado del cuerpo también pueden resultar comprometidos.

La parálisis facial debido a un tumor cerebral generalmente se desarrolla de manera lenta. Los síntomas incluyen: dolores de cabeza, convulsiones o pérdida de la audición.

En los recién nacidos, la parálisis facial puede ser causada por traumatismo durante el nacimiento.

Otras causas abarcan:

• Infección del cerebro o de los tejidos circundantes
• Enfermedad de Lyme
• Sarcoidosis
• Tumor que presiona sobre el nervio facial
• Efectos secundarios de los medicamentos, como la toxina botulínica

Cuidados en el hogar

Siga las recomendaciones de su proveedor de atención médica sobre cómo cuidarse en casa. Tómese todos los medicamentos según las indicaciones.

Si no se puede cerrar el ojo completamente, es necesario proteger la córnea contra la resequedad, mediante gotas para los ojos o gel oftálmico recetados. Algunas veces, se requiere un parche en el ojo para protegerlo.

La terapia física y del habla puede ayudar a preservar o restaurar la función. 

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Comuníquese con su proveedor si tiene debilidad o entumecimiento en la cara. Busque ayuda médica de inmediato si experimenta estos síntomas junto con dolor de cabeza intenso, convulsiones o ceguera.

Lo que se puede esperar en el consultorio médico

El proveedor llevará a cabo un examen físico y hará preguntas acerca de la historia clínica y los síntomas, como:

• ¿Están afectados ambos lados de la cara?
• ¿Sufrió recientemente una enfermedad o lesión?
• ¿Qué otros síntomas tiene? Por ejemplo, babeo, lagrimeo excesivo por un ojo, dolores de cabeza, dolor facial, convulsiones, problemas visuales, debilidad o parálisis.

Algunos de los exámenes que se pueden solicitar son:

• Exámenes de sangre, entre ellos glucemia, conteo sanguíneo completo (CSC), tasa de sedimentación eritrocítica (ESR) o examen de Lyme
• Tomografía computarizada de la cabeza
• Electromiografía
• Resonancia magnética de la cabeza

El tratamiento depende de la causa. Siga las recomendaciones del proveedor para el tratamiento.

El proveedor puede remitirlo a un fisioterapeuta, a un logopeda o a un terapeuta ocupacional. Si la parálisis facial ocasionada por la parálisis de Bell dura más de 6 a 12 meses, se puede recomendar cirugía para ayudar al cierre del ojo y la apariencia facial.

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