Lung surgery
Definition
Lung surgery is surgery done to repair or remove lung tissue. There are many common lung surgeries, including:
- Biopsy of an unknown growth in or around the lung
- Lobectomy, to remove one or more lobes of a lung
- Lung transplant
- Pneumonectomy, to remove a lung
- Surgery to prevent the buildup or return of fluid to the chest (pleurodesis)
- Surgery to remove an infection in the chest cavity (empyema)
- Surgery to remove blood in the chest cavity, particularly after trauma
- Surgery to remove small balloon-like tissues (blebs) that cause lung collapse (pneumothorax)
- Wedge resection, to remove part of a lobe in a lung
A thoracotomy is a surgical cut that a surgeon makes to open the chest wall.
Alternative Names
Thoracotomy; Lung tissue removal; Pneumonectomy; Lobectomy; Lung biopsy; Thoracoscopy; Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; VATS
Description
You will have general anesthesia before surgery. You will be asleep and unable to feel pain. Two common ways to do surgery on your lungs are thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Robotic surgery may also be used.
Lung surgery using a thoracotomy is called open surgery. In this surgery:
- You will lie on your side on an operating table. Your arm will be placed above your head.
- Your surgeon will make a surgical cut between two ribs. The cut will go from the front of your chest wall to your back, passing just underneath the armpit. These ribs will be separated or a rib may be removed.
- Your lung on this side will be deflated so that air will not move in and out of it during surgery. This makes it easier for the surgeon to operate on the lung.
- Your surgeon may not know how much of your lung needs to be removed until your chest is open and the lung can be seen.
- Your surgeon may also remove lymph nodes in this area.
- After surgery, one or more drainage tubes will be placed into your chest area to drain out fluids that build up. These tubes are called chest tubes.
- After the surgery on your lung, your surgeon will close the ribs, muscles, and skin with sutures.
- Open lung surgery may take from 2 to 6 hours.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery:
- Your surgeon will make several small surgical cuts over your chest wall. A videoscope (a tube with a tiny camera on the end) and other small tools will be passed through these cuts.
- Then, your surgeon may remove part or all of your lung, drain fluid or blood that has built up, or do other procedures.
- One or more tubes will be placed into your chest to drain fluids that build up.
- This procedure leads to much less pain and a faster recovery than open lung surgery.
Why the Procedure Is Performed
Thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be done to:
- Remove cancer (such as lung cancer) or biopsy an unknown growth in or around the lung
- Treat injuries that cause lung tissue to collapse (pneumothorax or hemothorax)
- Treat permanently collapsed lung tissue (atelectasis)
- Remove lung tissue that is diseased or damaged from emphysema or bronchiectasis
- Remove blood or blood clots (hemothorax)
- Remove tumors, such as solitary pulmonary nodule
- Inflate lung tissue that has collapsed (This may be due to disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or an injury.)
- Remove infection in the chest cavity (empyema)
- Stop fluid buildup in the chest cavity (pleurodesis)
- Remove a blood clot from the pulmonary artery (pulmonary embolism)
- Treat complications of tuberculosis
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery can be used to treat many of these conditions. In some cases, video surgery may not be possible, and the surgeon may have to switch to an open surgery during the operation.
Risks
Risks of this surgery include:
- Failure of the lung to expand
- Injury to the lungs or blood vessels
- Need for a chest tube after surgery
- Pain
- Prolonged air leak
- Repeated fluid buildup in the chest cavity
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Heart rhythm disturbances
- Damage to the diaphragm, esophagus, or trachea
- Death
Before the Procedure
You will have several visits with your health care provider and undergo medical tests before your surgery. Your provider will:
- Do a complete physical exam
- Make sure other medical conditions you may have, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart or lung problems are under control
- Perform tests to make sure that you will be able to tolerate the removal of your lung tissue, if necessary
If you are a smoker, you should stop smoking several weeks before your surgery. Ask your provider for help.
Always tell your provider and surgeon:
- Which medicines, vitamins, herbs, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription
- If you have been drinking a lot of alcohol, more than 1 or 2 drinks a day
During the week before your surgery:
- You may be asked to stop taking medicines that make it hard for your blood to clot. Some of these are aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), vitamin E, warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or ticlopidine (Ticlid).
- Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of your surgery.
- Prepare your home for your return from the hospital.
On the day of your surgery:
- Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before your surgery unless instructed to by your surgeon.
- Take the medicines your surgeon prescribed with small sips of water.
- Your surgeon will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
After the Procedure
Most people stay in the hospital for 5 to 7 days after open thoracotomy. The hospital stay for a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is most often shorter. You may spend time in the intensive care unit (ICU) after either surgery.
During your hospital stay, you will:
- Be asked to sit on the side of the bed and walk as soon as possible after surgery.
- Have tube(s) coming out of the side of your chest to drain fluids and air.
- Wear special stockings on your feet and legs to prevent blood clots.
- Receive shots to prevent blood clots.
- Receive pain medicine through an IV (a tube that goes into your veins) or by mouth with pills. You may receive your pain medicine through a special machine that gives you a dose of pain medicine when you push a button. This allows you to control how much pain medicine you get. You may also have an epidural catheter placed. This is a plastic tube in the back that delivers pain medicine to numb the nerves to the surgical area.
- Be asked to do a lot of deep breathing to help prevent pneumonia and infection. Deep breathing exercises also help inflate the lung that was operated on. Your chest tube(s) will remain in place until your lung has fully inflated.
Outlook (Prognosis)
The outcome depends on:
- The type of problem being treated
- How much lung tissue (if any) is removed
- Your overall health before surgery
References
Feller-Kopman DJ, Decamp MM. Interventional and surgical approaches to lung disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 87.
Lumb A, Thomas C. Pulmonary surgery. In: Lumb A, Thomas C, eds. Nunn and Lumb's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 33.
Pfeifer K, Smetana GW. Preoperative evaluation. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 34.
Wald O, Izhar U, Sugar baker DJ. Lung chest wall, pleura and mediastinum. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 58.
Reviewed By: Mary C. Mancini, MD, PhD, Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Shreveport, LA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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