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Oftalmoplejía supranuclear

Parálisis supranuclear progresiva - oftalmoplejía supranuclear; Encefalitis - oftalmoplejía supranuclear; Atrofia olivopontocerebelosa - oftalmoplejía supranuclear; Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica - oftalmoplejía supranuclear; Enfermedad de Whipple - oftalmoplejía supranuclear; Demencia - oftalmoplejía supranuclear

Definición

Es un trastorno que afecta el movimiento de los ojos.

Causas

Este trastorno ocurre debido a que el cerebro está enviando y recibiendo información errónea a través de los nervios que controlan el movimiento ocular. Los nervios en sí están sanos.

Las personas que tienen este problema generalmente tienen parálisis supranuclear progresiva (PSP). Este es un trastorno que afecta la manera como el cerebro controla el movimiento.

Otros trastornos que han sido asociados con este afección incluyen:

Inflamación del cerebro (encefalitis)
Enfermedad que causa que se reduzcan áreas profundas en el cerebro, justo encima de la médula espinal (atrofia olivopontocerebelosa)
Enfermedad de las células nerviosas en el cerebro y la médula espinal que controlan el movimiento muscular voluntario (esclerosis lateral amiotrófica)
Enfermedad de Whipple (una afección que también causa trastorno de malabsorción del intestino delgado así como otros síntomas)

Síntomas

Las personas con oftalmoplejía supranuclear son incapaces de mover los ojos voluntariamente en todas las direcciones, especialmente mirar hacia arriba.

Otros síntomas pueden incluir:

Demencia leve
Movimientos rígidos y sin coordinación, como los de la enfermedad de Parkinson
Trastornos asociados con la oftalmoplejía supranuclear

Pruebas y exámenes

El proveedor de atención médica realizará un examen físico y preguntará sobre los síntomas, enfocando en los ojos y el sistema nervioso.

Se realizarán pruebas para verificar si hay enfermedades relacionadas con la oftalmoplejía supranuclear. La resonancia magnética (RM) podría mostrar reducción del tamaño del tronco encefálico.

Tratamiento

El tratamiento depende de la causa y los síntomas de la oftalmoplejía supranuclear.

Expectativas (pronóstico)

El pronóstico depende de la causa de la oftalmoplejía supranuclear.

Referencias

Lavin PJM, Donahue SP, Longmuir RA. Disorders of supranuclear control of ocular motility. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 9.14.

Lin CR. Progressive supranuclear palsy. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2025. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 918.e4-918e6.

Ling H. Clinical approach to progressive supranuclear palsy. J Mov Disord. 2016;9(1):3-13. PMID: 26828211 www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26828211/.

Rucker JC, Lavin PJM. Neuro-ophthalmology: ocular motor system. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 18.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 6/13/2024

Versión en inglés revisada por : Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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