Familial dysautonomia

Definition

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an inherited disorder that affects nerves throughout the body.

Alternative Names

Riley-Day syndrome; FD; Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy - type III (HSAN III); Autonomic crises - familial dysautonomia

Causes

FD is passed down through families (inherited). A person must inherit a copy of the defective gene from each parent to develop the condition.

FD occurs most often in people of Eastern European Jewish ancestry (Ashkenazi Jews). It is caused by a change (mutation) to a gene. It is rare in the general population.

Symptoms

FD affects the nerves in the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. These nerves manage daily body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, bowel and bladder emptying, digestion, and the senses.

Symptoms of FD are present at birth and may grow worse over time. Symptoms vary, and may include:

After age 3, most children develop autonomic crises. These are episodes of vomiting with very high blood pressure, racing heart, fever, and sweating.

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will do a physical exam to look for:

Blood tests are available to check for the gene mutation that causes FD.

Treatment

FD can't be cured. Treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms and may include:

Outlook (Prognosis)

Advances in diagnosis and treatment are increasing the survival rate. About one half of babies born with FD will live to age 30.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if symptoms change or get worse. A genetic counselor can help teach you about the condition and direct you to support groups in your area.

Prevention

Genetic DNA testing is very accurate for FD. It may be used for diagnosing people with the condition or those who carry the gene. It can also be used for prenatal diagnosis.

People of Eastern European Jewish background and families with a history of FD may wish to seek genetic counseling if they are thinking of having children.

References

Ryan MM. Autonomic neuropathies. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS. Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 633.

Wapner RJ, Dugoff L. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital disorders. In: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, Copel JA, Silver RM, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 32.


Review Date: 11/18/2022
Reviewed By: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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