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Proctitis

Definición

Es la inflamación del recto. Esta puede causar molestia, sangrado y la secreción de moco o pus.

Causas

Existen muchas causas de proctitis. Pueden agruparse de la siguiente manera:

• Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
• Enfermedad autoinmunitaria
• Sustancias dañinas
• Infección que no se transmite sexualmente
• Enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS)

La proctitis causada por enfermedades de transmisión sexual es común entre personas que practican relaciones sexuales anales. Las enfermedades de transmisión sexual que pueden causar proctitis incluyen gonorrea, herpes, clamidia y linfogranuloma venéreo.

Las infecciones que no se transmiten por vía sexual son menos comunes que la proctitis relacionada con ETS. Un tipo de proctitis que no es a raíz de una ETS es una infección en los niños que es causada por la misma bacteria que ocasiona la amigdalitis estreptocócica.

La proctitis autoinmunitaria se asocia con enfermedades como colitis ulcerativa o la enfermedad de Crohn. Si la inflamación es en el recto solamente, puede aparecer y desaparecer o desplazarse hacia el intestino delgado.

La proctitis también puede ser causada por algunos medicamentos, radioterapia a la próstata o pelvis o introducción de sustancias dañinas en el recto.

Los factores de riesgo incluyen:

• Trastornos autoinmunitarios, incluyendo la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
• Prácticas sexuales de alto riesgo, como el sexo anal

Síntomas

Los síntomas incluyen:

• Heces con sangre
• Estreñimiento
• Sangrado rectal
• Secreción o pus rectal
• Dolor o molestia rectal
• Tenesmo (dolor con las deposiciones)

Pruebas y exámenes

Los exámenes que se pueden necesitar incluyen:

• Examen de muestra fecal
• Proctoscopia
• Cultivo rectal
• Sigmoidoscopia

Tratamiento

La mayoría de las veces, la proctitis desaparecerá cuando se trate la causa del problema. Se usan antibióticos si una infección está causando el problema.

Los corticosteroides o los supositorios o enemas de mesalamina pueden aliviar los síntomas de algunas personas.

Expectativas (pronóstico)

Si se realiza el tratamiento, el resultado es alentador.

Complicaciones

Las complicaciones pueden incluir:

• Fístula anal
• Anemia
• Fístula rectovaginal (en mujeres)
• Sangrado intenso

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Consulte con su proveedor de atención médica si tiene síntomas de proctitis.

Prevención

El comportamiento sexual seguro puede ayudar a prevenir la propagación de la enfermedad.

Referencias

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