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Síndrome del cayado aórtico

Corte transversal p...Corte transversal por el medio del corazón
Anillo vascularAnillo vascular

Imagen anterior Agrandar Cerrar Próxima imagen

Síndrome de oclusión de la arteria vertebrobasilar; Síndrome de oclusión de la arteria carótida; Síndrome de oclusión de la arteria subclavia; Síndrome del robo de la subclavia; Enfermedad de Takayasu; Arteritis de Takayasu

Definición

El cayado aórtico es la porción superior de la arteria principal que transporta sangre fuera del corazón. El síndrome del cayado aórtico se refiere a un grupo de signos y síntomas asociados con problemas estructurales en las arterias que se ramifican desde el arco o cayado aórtico.

Causas

Los problemas del síndrome del cayado aórtico pueden ocurrir por traumatismo, coágulos sanguíneos o malformaciones que se desarrollan antes de nacer. Estos defectos ocasionan flujo anormal de sangre hacia la cabeza, el cuello o los brazos.

En los niños, hay múltiples tipos de síndromes del cayado aórtico, como:

Ausencia congénita de una ramificación de la aorta
Aislamiento de las arterias subclavias
Anillos vasculares

Una enfermedad inflamatoria llamada síndrome de Takayasu puede ocasionar estrechamiento (estenosis) de los vasos del cayado aórtico. Esto se presenta típicamente en mujeres y niñas. Esta enfermedad se observa más a menudo en personas de ascendencia asiática.

Síntomas

Los síntomas varían de acuerdo a qué arteria ha sido afectada. Los síntomas pueden incluir:

Cambios en la presión arterial
Problemas respiratorios
Mareo, visión borrosa, debilidad y otros cambios en el cerebro y el sistema nervioso (neurológicos)
Entumecimiento de un brazo
Pulso disminuido
Problemas para tragar
Accidentes isquémicos transitorios (ATI)

Tratamiento

La cirugía es frecuentemente necesaria para tratar la causa subyacente del síndrome del cayado aórtico.

Referencias

Braverman AC, Schermerhorn M. Diseases of the aorta. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 42.

James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM. Cutaneous vascular diseases. In: James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM, eds. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 35.

Langford CA. Takayasu arteritis. In: Hochberg MC, Gravallese EM, Smolen JS, van der Heijde D, Weinblatt ME, Weisman MH, eds. Rheumatology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 165.

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Actualizado : 5/8/2024

Versión en inglés revisada por : Thomas S. Metkus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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