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Traqueítis

Traqueítis bacteriana; Traqueítis bacteriana aguda

Definición

Es una infección bacteriana de la tráquea.

Causas

La traqueítis bacteriana es causada en la mayoría de los casos por el Staphylococcus aureus. Con frecuencia llega luego de una infección viral de las vías respiratorias altas. Afecta en su mayoría a los niños pequeños. Esto posiblemente se debe a que su tráquea es más pequeña y por lo tanto se obstruye más fácilmente con la inflamación.

Síntomas

Los síntomas incluyen:

Tos profunda (similar a la causada por el crup)
Dificultad respiratoria
Fiebre alta
Sonido chillón al respirar (estridor)

Pruebas y exámenes

El proveedor de atención médica llevará a cabo un examen físico y auscultará los pulmones del niño. Los músculos entre las costillas pueden retraerse a medida que el niño trata de respirar, lo que se denomina tiraje.

Los exámenes que se pueden llevar a cabo para diagnosticar esta afección incluyen:

Nivel de oxígeno en la sangre
Cultivo nasofaríngeo para detectar bacterias
Cultivo traqueal para detectar bacterias
Radiografía de la tráquea o del cuello
Traqueoscopía

Tratamiento

El niño a menudo necesita que se le coloque una sonda dentro de las vías respiratorias para ayudarlo con la respiración. Esto se denomina sonda endotraqueal. Los residuos bacterianos se necesitan eliminar a menudo de la tráquea en ese momento.

El niño recibirá antibióticos a través de una vena. El equipo de atención médica vigilará muy de cerca su respiración y usará oxígeno si es necesario.

Expectativas (pronóstico)

Con un tratamiento oportuno, el niño debe recuperarse.

Posibles complicaciones

Las complicaciones pueden incluir:

Obstrucción de las vías respiratorias (puede llevar a la muerte)
Síndrome de shock tóxico si la afección fue causada por la bacteria estafilococo

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

La traqueítis es una afección de emergencia. Acuda a la sala de urgencias de inmediato si el niño ha tenido una infección reciente de las vías respiratorias altas y repentinamente presenta fiebre, una tos que empeora y dificultad para respirar.

Referencias

Cai Y, Meyer A. Pediatric infectious disease. In: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 201.

Rodrigues KK, Roosevelt GE. Acute inflammatory upper respiratory obstruction (croup, epiglottitis, laryngitis, and bacterial tracheitis). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 412.

Rose E. Pediatric respiratory emergencies: upper airway obstruction and infections. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 162.

Wenzel RP. Acute bronchitis and tracheitis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 90.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 11/29/2022

Versión en inglés revisada por : Josef Shargorodsky, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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