Agoraphobia


Definition

Agoraphobia is an intense fear and anxiety of being in places where it is hard to escape, or where help might not be available. Agoraphobia usually involves fear of crowds, bridges, or being outside alone.

Alternative Names

Anxiety disorder - agoraphobia

Causes

This EM Should be displayed at the top of the article section "Causes"

Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder. The exact cause of agoraphobia is unknown. Agoraphobia sometimes occurs when a person has had a panic attack and begins to fear situations that might lead to another panic attack.

Symptoms

With agoraphobia, you avoid places or situations because you do not feel safe in public places. The fear is worse when the place is crowded.

Symptoms of agoraphobia include:

Physical symptoms can include:

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will look at your history of agoraphobia and will get a description of the behavior from you, your family, or friends.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to help you feel and function better. The success of treatment usually depends in part on how severe the agoraphobia is. Treatment most often combines talk therapy with a medicine. Certain medicines, often also used to treat depression, may be helpful for this disorder. They work by preventing your symptoms or making them less severe. You must take these medicines every day. Do not stop taking them or change the dosage without talking with your provider.

Other medicines used to treat depression or medicines used to treat seizures may also be tried.

Medicines called sedatives or hypnotics may also be prescribed.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy. It typically involves 10 to 20 visits with a mental health professional over several weeks or longer. CBT helps you change the thoughts that cause your condition. It may involve:

You may also be slowly exposed to the real-life situation that causes the fear to help you overcome it.

A healthy lifestyle that includes exercise, getting enough rest, and good nutrition can also be helpful.

Support Groups

You can ease the stress of having agoraphobia by joining a support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.

Support groups are usually not a good substitute for talk therapy or taking medicine, but can be a helpful addition.

See below for more information and support for people with agoraphobia:

Anxiety and Depression Association of America -- adaa.org/supportgroups

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most people can get better with medicines and CBT. Without early and effective help, the disorder may become harder to treat.

Possible Complications

Some people with agoraphobia may:

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider to make an appointment if you have symptoms of agoraphobia.

If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org. You can also call 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK). The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential support 24/7, anytime day or night.

You can also call 911 or the local emergency number or go to the hospital emergency room. DO NOT delay.

If someone you know has attempted suicide, call 911 or the local emergency number right away. DO NOT leave the person alone, even after you have called for help.

Prevention

Early treatment of panic disorder can often prevent agoraphobia.

References

American Psychiatric Association website. Anxiety disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022.

Gehl C, Paulsen JS. Behavior and personality disturbances. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 9.

Lyness JM, Lee HB. Psychiatric disorders in medical practice. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 362.

National Institute of Mental Health website. Anxiety disorders. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders. Updated April 2024. Accessed May 21, 2024.

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