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Penfigoide ampolloso

Definición

Es un trastorno cutáneo caracterizado por ampollas.

Causas

El penfigoide ampolloso es un trastorno autoinmunitario que se presenta cuando el sistema inmunitario del cuerpo ataca y destruye tejido corporal saludable por error. El sistema inmunitario ataca específicamente las proteínas que adhieren la capa superior de la piel (epidermis) con la capa interna de la piel.

Este trastorno generalmente ocurre en personas mayores y es poco frecuente en personas jóvenes. Los síntomas aparecen y desaparecen. Esta afección generalmente desaparece al cabo de 5 años.

En algunas ocasiones, esta afección es detonada por un medicamento 

Síntomas

La mayoría de personas con este trastorno tienen picazón que puede ser severa. En la mayoría de los casos, se presentan ampollas, llamadas bullas.

• Las ampollas generalmente se encuentran en los brazos, las piernas o la parte media del cuerpo. En casos poco frecuentes, las ampollas se pueden formar en la boca.
• Las ampollas pueden romperse y formar heridas abiertas (úlceras).

Pruebas y exámenes

Su proveedor de atención médica examinará su piel y le preguntará sobre sus síntomas. Revisará su lista de medicamentos.

Los exámenes que se pueden hacer para ayudar a diagnosticar esta afección incluyen:

• Análisis de sangre
• Biopsia de la piel de la ampolla o de la zona cercana

Tratamiento

Se pueden recetar antinflamatorios llamados corticosteroides. Estos se pueden tomar por vía oral o se pueden aplicar en la piel. Es posible que se usen medicamentos más potentes para inhibir el sistema inmunitario si los esteroides no funcionan o para permitir que se disminuyan las dosis de esteroides que se usarán.

Los antibióticos de la familia de las tetraciclinas pueden ser útiles. La niacina (una vitamina del complejo B) algunas veces se administra juntamente con la tetraciclina.

Su proveedor puede sugerirle tomar medidas de cuidado personal. Estas pueden incluir:

• Aplicar en la piel cremas antiinflamatorias que inhiban la picazón
• Usar jabones ligeros y aplicar hidratantes en la piel después del baño
• Proteger la parte de piel afectada de la exposición al sol o de heridas

Expectativas (pronóstico)

El penfigoide ampolloso por lo general responde bien al tratamiento. Los medicamentos generalmente dejan de tomarse después de varios años. Sin embargo, la enfermedad algunas veces se presenta nuevamente luego de haber terminado el tratamiento.

Posibles complicaciones

La complicación más común es la infección de la piel.

También se pueden presentar complicaciones como resultado del tratamiento, especialmente por tomar corticosteroides. 

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Póngase en contacto con su proveedor si presenta:

• Ampollas inexplicables en la piel
• Una erupción pruriginosa que continúa a pesar del tratamiento casero

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