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Faringitis y dolor de garganta

Definición

La faringitis, o dolor de garganta, es la molestia, el dolor o la carraspera en la garganta que a menudo hace que se presente dolor al tragar.

Causas

La faringitis es causada por hinchazón de la parte posterior de la garganta (faringe), entre las amígdalas y la laringe.

La mayoría de los dolores de garganta son causados por resfriados, gripe, virus coxsackie o mononucleosis.

Las bacterias pueden causar faringitis en algunos casos:

• La amigdalitis estreptocócica es causada por los estreptococos del grupo A.
• Con menos frecuencia, bacterias como gonorrea y clamidia pueden causar dolor de garganta.

La mayoría de los casos de faringitis ocurre durante los meses más fríos. La enfermedad con frecuencia se propaga entre los miembros de la familia y contactos cercanos.

Síntomas

El síntoma principal es un dolor de garganta.

Otros síntomas pueden abarcar:

• Fiebre
• Dolor de cabeza
• Dolores musculares y articulares
• Erupción cutánea
• Ganglios linfáticos inflamados en el cuello

Pruebas y exámenes

El médico llevará a cabo un examen físico y examinará la garganta.

Se puede hacer una prueba rápida o un cultivo de garganta para buscar amigdalitis estreptocócica. Igualmente, se pueden realizar otros exámenes de laboratorio dependiendo de la supuesta causa. Es importante hacer la prueba de VIH (Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana) si se ha expuesto al VIH y tiene dolor de garganta.

Tratamiento

La mayoría de los dolores de garganta son causados por virus. Los antibióticos no sirven para los dolores de garganta virales. Usarlos cuando no se necesitan puede llevar a que no funcionen igual de bien como cuando son necesarios.

Los dolores de garganta se tratan con antibióticos si:

• Un examen para detectar estreptococos da resultado positivo. Su proveedor no puede diagnosticar la amigdalitis estreptocócica sólo por los síntomas o un examen físico.
• Un cultivo para detectar clamidia o gonorrea da positivo.

Un dolor de garganta causado por la gripe (influenza) se puede aliviar por medio de antivirales.

Los siguientes consejos pueden ayudar a mejorar los dolores de garganta:

• Beba líquidos suaves. Usted puede beber ya sea líquidos calientes, como té de limón con miel, o líquidos fríos, como el agua de hielo. También puede chupar un helado con sabor a frutas.
• Hacer gárgaras varias veces al día con agua tibia con sal (1/2 cucharadita o 3 g de sal en 1 taza o 240 mL de agua).
• Chupar dulces duros o pastillas para la garganta. Estos productos no deben administrarse a los niños pequeños porque se pueden ahogar.
• Usar un vaporizador de aire fresco o un humidificador puede humectar el aire y aliviar una garganta seca y dolorosa.
• Probar con analgésicos de venta libre, como el paracetamol (Tylenol) o ibuprofeno (Advil, Motrin).

Posibles complicaciones

Las complicaciones pueden abarcar:

• Infección del oído
• Sinusitis
• Absceso periamigdalino

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Consulte con su proveedor si:

• Presenta un dolor de garganta que no desaparece después de varios días
• Tiene fiebre elevada, ganglios linfáticos inflamados en el cuello o una erupción cutánea

Si tiene dolor de garganta y dificultad para respirar, busque atención médica de inmediato.

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