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Prevención de la hepatitis B o C

Descripción

Las infecciones por el virus de la hepatitis B y hepatitis C causan irritación (inflamación) e hinchazón del hígado. Se deben tomar medidas para prevenir el contagio o la propagación de estos virus, ya que estas infecciones pueden causar enfermedad hepática crónica.

Vacunas

Todos los niños deben recibir la vacuna contra la hepatitis B.

Los bebés deben recibir una primera dosis de la vacuna contra la hepatitis B al nacer. Deben haber recibido las tres inyecciones en la serie entre los 6 y los 18 meses de edad.
Los niños menores nacidos de madres que tienen hepatitis B aguda o que hayan sido portadores crónicos de hepatitis B deben recibir inmunoglobulina contra la hepatitis B (IGHB) y la vacuna contra la hepatitis B dentro de las 12 horas posteriores al nacimiento.
Los niños menores de 19 años a los que no les hayan aplicado la vacuna, deben recibir las dosis de "recuperación".

Los adultos con alto riesgo de hepatitis B también deben vacunarse, incluso:

Los trabajadores de la salud y aquellos que viven con alguien que tiene hepatitis B.
Las personas con enfermedad renal terminal, enfermedad hepática crónica o infección por el VIH.
Las personas con múltiples parejas sexuales y hombres homosexuales.
Las personas que consumen drogas psicoactivas inyectables.

No existe vacuna para la hepatitis C.

Estilo de vida

Los virus de la hepatitis B y C se propagan a través del contacto con la sangre o con los fluidos corporales de una persona que tenga el virus. Los virus no se propagan por contacto casual, como tomar la mano, compartir utensilios para comer o vasos para beber, amamantar, besarse, abrazarse, toser o estornudar.

Para evitar entrar en contacto con la sangre o con los fluidos corporales de otras personas:

Evite compartir objetos personales, como cuchillas de afeitar o cepillos de dientes
No comparta agujas para inyectarse drogas ni otros equipos de drogas (como pajillas para inhalar drogas)
Limpie los derrames de sangre con una solución que contenga una parte de blanqueador casero por 9 partes de agua
Tenga cuidado al hacerse tatuajes y perforaciones en el cuerpo
Practique sexo seguro (especialmente para la prevención de hepatitis B)

El sexo seguro significa tomar medidas antes y durante el sexo que pueden evitar que usted quede infectado o que le transmite una infección a su pareja.

Otras medidas que usted puede tomar

El análisis de toda la sangre donada ha reducido la probabilidad de contraer hepatitis B y C a raíz de una transfusión sanguínea. Se debe notificar a los trabajadores de salud del estado los casos de infección por hepatitis B de diagnóstico reciente para rastrear la exposición de la población al virus.

La vacuna contra la hepatitis B o una inyección de IGHB pueden ayudar a prevenir la infección si se administran en un período de 24 horas luego del contacto con el virus.

Referencias

Holmes JA, Chung RT. Hepatitis C. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 80.

Issa AN, Wodi AP, Moser CA, Cineas S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74(2):26-29. PMID: 39819853 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39819853/.

Janssen HLA, Fung S. Hepatitis B. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 79.

Pawlotsky J-M. Chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 135.

US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2020;324(23):2415-2422. PMID: 33320230 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33320230/.

Wodi AP, Issa AN, Moser CA, Cineas S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74(2):30-33. PMID: 39820474 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39820474/.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 7/22/2025

Versión en inglés revisada por : Todd Eisner, MD, Private practice specializing in Gastroenterology in Boca Raton and Delray Beach, Florida at Gastroenterology Consultants of Boca Raton. Affiliate Assistant Professor, Florida Atlantic University School of Medicine. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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