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Espasmo esofágico

El sistema digestiv...El sistema digestivo
Anatomía de la garg...Anatomía de la garganta
EsófagoEsófago

Imagen anterior Agrandar Cerrar Próxima imagen

Espasmo esofágico difuso; Espasmo del esófago; Espasmo esofágico distal; Esófago de cascanueces

Definición

Son contracciones anormales de los músculos en el esófago, el conducto que lleva el alimento desde la boca hasta el estómago. Estos espasmos no movilizan el alimento de una manera efectiva hasta el estómago.

Causas

La causa de los espasmos esofágicos se desconoce. Las comidas muy calientes o muy frías pueden desencadenar los espasmos en algunas personas.

Síntomas

Los síntomas pueden incluir:

Dolor o problemas para deglutir
Dolor en el pecho o en la parte superior del abdomen

El espasmo puede ser difícil de diferenciar de la angina de pecho, un síntoma de enfermedad cardíaca. El dolor puede irradiarse al cuello, la mandíbula, los brazos o la espalda.

Pruebas y exámenes

Las pruebas que puede necesitar para detectar la afección incluyen:

Esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD)
Manometría esofágica
Esofagografía (radiografía con toma de bario)

Tratamiento

La nitroglicerina administrada debajo de la lengua (sublingual) puede ayudar en un episodio repentino de espasmo esofágico. Igualmente, se utilizan nitroglicerina de acción prolongada y antagonistas del calcio para tratar este problema.

Los casos prolongados (crónicos) algunas veces se tratan con dosis bajas de antidepresivos, como trazodona o nortriptilina, para reducir los síntomas.

En raras ocasiones, los casos graves pueden necesitar dilatación (ensanchamiento) del esófago o cirugía para controlar los síntomas.

Expectativas (pronóstico)

Un espasmo esofágico puede aparecer y desaparecer (intermitente) o durar por mucho tiempo (crónico). Los medicamentos pueden ayudar a aliviar los síntomas.

Posibles complicaciones

Es posible que la enfermedad no responda al tratamiento.

Cuándo contactar a un profesional médico

Comuníquese con su proveedor de atención médica si tiene síntomas de espasmo esofágico que no desaparecen. Los síntomas pueden deberse en realidad a problemas cardíacos. El proveedor podrá ayudarle a decidir si necesita exámenes del corazón.

Prevención

Evite el consumo de alimentos muy calientes o muy fríos si le dan espasmos esofágicos.

Referencias

Falk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 129.

Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ. Esophageal neuromuscular function and motility disorders. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 44.

Programe una cita

Actualizado : 11/3/2022

Versión en inglés revisada por : Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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